PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS

PLANT WATER RELATION

MAIN POINT

· Plant physiology-study of life process in plants
Eg: - Transpiration, Photosynthesis, Respiration etc.
· Stephan Hales- father of plant physiology

· Plant cell

Cytoplasm+ Nucleus → Protoplasm
Protoplasm+ plasmalemma →Protoplast
Protoplast + cell wall → Pant cell
· Mature plant cell consist of three compartments.

Cell wall + Protoplasm+ Vacuole
- cell wall and protoplasm separated by plasmalemma
- protoplasm and vacuole separated by Tonoplast
- Fluid filled inside vacuole –cell sap

· Plasma membrane and tonoplast serlectively permeable
· Cytoplasm of neighboring cells are connected by cytoplasmic stands called plasmo clesmata passing through pits o cell walls.
· The net work of cytoplasm of all cells inter connected by plasmodesmata is called symplast
· The network of the cell walls of all cells inter connected to from Apoplast.
Physical phenomina involved in plant water relations

(1) Imbibition
The phenomenon of absorption of water by hydrophilic colloidal substances (eg:- cellulose, pectin etc)
· The pressure developed inside the imbibant due to imbibition – Imbibition pressure or matric potential(ψm)
· Imbibition has important role in absorption of water and germination of seeds.
· First step in absorption of water by plant roots

(2) Diffuson
Random movement of individual molecules (ions of particles) from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down concentration down concentration gradient is called diffusion,
· The potential ability of substance to diffuse is called diffusion pressure (DP)
· Diffusion takes place from higher DP to lower DP.
· Gaseous exchange and transpiration in plants occurs by diffusion

(3) Osmosis
Diffusion of solvent molecules (water molecules) through a semi permeable membrane is called Osmosis
· Water molecules always move from a region of their higher concentration(i.e. Dilute the solution) to a region of their lower concentration
· The pressure needed to prevent to prevent the osmotic entry of water into an aquous solution through a semi permeable membrane is called osmotic pressure. (OP of II)
· The more concentrated a solution the more will be its OP.
· The negative osmotic pressure is called osmotic potential designated as ψs ie, ψ3 = -OP or –π
- The movement of water onto a cell is called Endosmosis and moving out of water from a cell is called Exosmosis. The moving out of water from a solution by applying pressure is called Reverse osmosis
- Endosmosis and Exosmosis occurs according to the external osmotic environment (Tonicity) of a cell.
- Based of tonicity three typed of solution .
1. Hypotonic solution-Solution whose solute concentration is lower than cell sap
2. Hypertonic solution –solution having solute concentration higher than cell sap
3. Isotonic solution – Solution having solute concentration equal to cell sap.
- A plant cell if placed in a hypotonic of in pure water will become turgid due to endosmosis. eg :Swelling of raisins.
- A plant cell if placed in a hypertonic solution will become flaccid due to Exosmosis
- Shrinkage of group when they one placed in concentrated sugar solution.
- The shrinkage of protoplast of a cell due to ex osmosis called plasmolysis
- Plasmolysis x De plasmolysis
- Turgid x flaccid
- Endosmosis x Ex osmosis
· In plant plasmolysis causes wilting and drooping of leaves
· The pressure developed inside the cell due toe the entry of water by endosmosis is called Turgor pressure (TP). It is exerted against cell wall.
Diffusion pressure Deficit (DPD or SP)
· The decrease in diffusion pressure of a solution due to dissolved solutes in it is called DPD of succession pressure.
· When DPD increases the ability to absorb water increases. (because the concentration of solute is more in a solution with high DPD).


· Water moves from a region of lower DPD to region of Higher DPD
(4) Permeability
The extend to which a membrane permits of restricts the movement of a substance though it
Is called membrane permeability
· Depends of membrane composition and the chemical nature of the solute.
· Bases on permeability membranes are of three types –permeable ( eg: cellulose cell wall )Impermeable (eg :- cutinized and suberised walls) semi permeable (eg:- cell membrane ) or differentially permeable.

RESPIRATION

The phenomenon of the release of energy by the oxidation of organic molecules of carbohydrate by breaking c-c bones is called cellular respiration
Respiratory substrates are the organic substance that are used for the respiratory process
a) Aerobic respiration : is the process of respiration taking place in higher organism where the complete oxidation of organic substance occurs in the presence of O2 to release energy.
b) Anerobic respiration : is the process of respiration takes place in lower organism in the complete absence of O2 where incomplete oxidation of organic substrate occurs.
Mechanism of respiration
a) Aerobic Respiration
Consist of :-
i) Glycolysis ii) Krebs’s cycle (Citric acid cycle) iii) Electron transport system & oxidative phosphorescent
Glycolysis
· Takes place in cytosol ( cytoplasm).
· The process consists of the conversion of carbohydrate into pyruvic acid through a series of enzymatic reaction
· Also known as EMP pathway named after Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas.
· First step of cellular respiration and common to aerobic and anaerobic in all organism.

INTERIOR

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TODAY

Be in Today
Believe in Today
Behave in Today
Be alive in TOday
Because Yesterday Died
And Tomorrow's birth
From TODAY

TIME is...........

Clock make a sound as Tick, Tick.... But it is not tick tick .... It's real sound is Quick, Quick ..... Because TIME is precious....!

TUNING

Sound when tuned is Music
Movement when tuned is Dance
Mind when tuned is Meditation
Life when tuned is Celebration

10 Signs - if You are in Love

1. You walk really slow when you are with her.

2. You feel shy when when she is around

3. You smile when you hear her voice

4. When you look at her you cant see other people around.

5. You start listening to show songs.

6. You realize your always smiling to yourself when youyou think about her.

7. You would do anything to see her


DEAR OH DEAR

Dear oh dear,
You are not near
But I can hear
Dont get fear
Your memories are here
Live with cheer
No mere tear
And you are mine
Forever!!!

FURNISHING

A veteran builder and teacher shares the rules that shape his work
by Will Beemer
My first construction job was as a trim carpenter's helper during school summer vacation. My boss had always worked solo, but as he got on in years (I'm older now than he was then), he wanted help moving his tools and materials. All I did that first summer was fetch and carry; I wasn't allowed to measure, cut or nail. I was told to observe. In doing so, I learned that finish carpentry is essentially a visual exercise.
Finish carpentry makes the eye work hard and skip over imperfections. At this point, the framing carpenter has made the house plumb, level and square. Or not. A good framer can ease the finish carpenter's job by providing plumb walls and plenty of blocking for nailers for attaching trim. Or not. But even if the framer couldn't read a level and and even if he added no more blocking than was absolutely necessary, the finish carpenter's job is to make the doors, windows and cabinets work, and to make the house look good.
Finish carpentry is more than interior trim. It includes siding, decking and even roofing--anything the owner will see after moving in. Rough carpenters evolve into finish carpenters by learning how to measure, mark and cut more accurately. With practice, splitting the pencil line with a sawcut and working to closer tolerances become second nature.
Perfect miters are only part of finish carpentry. Finish carpenters must develop an eye for proportion and detail. They must learn to visualize the steps that lead to the finished product. I teach these skills to novice carpenters at the Heartwood School in Massachusetts. To make learning them easier, I've organized the following ten rules of thumb.

JOKES

STUDENT SEEING MONKEY OUT OF THE WINDOW & PROFESSOR SCOLDS HIM. "WHY ARE YOU SEEING MONKEY OUTSIDE WHEN I AM IN CLASS?"

TEACHER: 4 Beautiful girls are walking on the road. Change it to exclamatoru sentance
STUDENT: " WOW !"

Sardar travelling first time in plane to Mumbai. While landing , he shouted :
" Bombay, Bombay "
Airhostes said: Be silent
Sardar : OK " Ombay , Ombay"

QUOTES FOR THIS WEEK

LOVE IS BEAUTIFUL , WONDERFUL AND AMAZING. YOU FEEL IT IS THE BEST THING IN THE WORLD UNTIL IT HAPPENS TO YOUR DAUGHTER.........

THE CELL –THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

• All organisms are made up of cells.
• Cytology deals with structure and composition of cells.
• Cell biology is the study of functional aspects of sub center structures and biochemical techniques for their isolation.

Structure of the cell

• Two types of cells are there , based on the structure and organization of cells –prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell.
• Prokaryotic cells are cells without membrane- bound organelles. They are considered as the primitive types of cells.
• Eukaryotic cells are cells with membrane-bound organelles. They are considered as the advanced type of cells.

modem

MODEM

In the transmitting mode, the modem accepts digital data and converts it to analog signals for use in modulating a carrier signal. The modulated signal sent through the telephone wire to the modem at the receiving end. At the receiving end of the system, the carrier is demodulated and then limitated in to the corresponding digital data. Now the computer can receive & process the digital data. The modem can be operated in different modes. The following one the modes of operation.
(1) simplex mode: In this mode, a modem provides transmission in only one direction.
(2) Half duplex mode : In this mode data flow is possible in one direction at one time and in the opposite direction at a second time. Ie. Data flow is possible in both direction, but not simultaneously.
(3) Full duplex mode : It permits transmission in both directions at the same time or simultaneously.

The electronic transmission of a document at a distant place via telephone line is known as facsimile of FAX. The diagram shows, how the fax machine send a fax copy of a document and reception of the copy of the destination.

To send a Fax copy of a document. Two fax machines are required. One at the transmitting of sending end and the other at the recoving end. The machine at the sending end should be in the receiving mode.
Working : when the document is fed into the machine, the optical scanner scams the document and generate light-signal in accordance with data recorded on the document. The light signal’s will be detected by the sensors, creates electrical pulses corresponding to the reflections from the document. This will be a digital signal. The digital signal will be generated into analog and modulated by the modem at the sending end. The modulated signals will sent

MEDITATION IS THE MEDICINE

F. A. CUP

The first football tournament of the world is the F.A. Cup . It was started by English football Association in 1871-72. It is the team Manchester Uninted they won most time the F. A Cup Now the chelsy is the Champions.

GREENARY IS THE PLEASENT. IT WILL MAKE OUR MIND VERY ACTIVE. WE CAN DO A FRIENDSHIP WITH THE NATURE

CANADIABN BENCHBERRY

THE TIME OF FLOWER BLOOMING
How can we see a flower as blooming taking many time. But the Canadian dwarf cornal (white colored flowers ) taking only a little time of our eyes closing and opening time . the flower takes only the time of 0.5 milliseconds . within this time the flower blooms as fully. So the flower has gained the credite that blooming flower within the smallest time on the botanical world.

POEM CORNER

Racing Clouds
Oh, racing clouds,
Where are you going
Are you going with message
Is you eye drops or earth
Say to me, say to me
Is it the hands of wind
That help you to move
What wind moving you
Is it the western wind
Say to me is there crying earth
With the doings of her sons,
Is she shedding the eye drops
With the sorrow
Can you comfort her
With your rain drops
Can you cool her with
Nice rain drops

STORY GROUND

Fate of Proudy Fish

Once upon a time a beautiful golden fish was living in a lake . He has the proud that he is the most beautiful fish in the lake. So he always conduct like very proudly to another fishes. He always talk about his beauty. Other fishes are feel hate because of the habit of golden fish. They always take another way to seeing the golden fish....... ( continue on next day)

The magazines are publishing unlimitedly from different community and unity of people. Especially it is the age of online magzines. Certainly it is an advantage of computer and electronic age.

Hai best wishes for my visitors